Site map · CZ · SK
Site map — everything in one place.
An overview of all website pages. For a specific service, the enquiry panel on the homepage is the quickest route. This is the complete list.
Pages
Who we help
- For companies and entrepreneurs
- For estate agencies
- For developers and construction companies
- For online stores
- For IT and software companies
- Buying and selling property
- For accounting and advisory firms
- For holding companies and corporate groups
- For companies with unpaid invoices
- For startups and growing companies
- For employers and HR teams
Insights
- The lawyer in a transaction brokered by an estate agency: whom do they work for and what follows from that
- When an AI user becomes its provider: roles under the AI Act
- AI in recruitment and employee assessment: what the AI Act and the GDPR require
- A joint-stock company in Slovakia or in the Czech Republic: how incorporation, capital and bodies differ
- Alarms, cameras and alarm receiving centres: when you need a technical service licence and when a guarding licence
- An estate agency’s AML programme: what it must contain and how to tie agent training to it
- The contract was drawn up by the agency or the developer: review, or authorisation by a lawyer?
- A bank guarantee instead of retention money: how to set it up in a works contract so it can be called
- Reserving the purchase of machinery or a vehicle: a future-contract agreement, or a sale agreement subject to a condition precedent?
- Agreements to enter into a future contract between businesses: the call, the periods and what a court can do
- A former employee has joined a competitor and taken clients with him: what the employer can claim
- Carve-outs in Czechia: partial division, spin-off or sale of part of an enterprise
- Securities in an estate: where to look for them depending on who records them
- Prices, territory and online sales in a distribution or franchise network
- A Czech company with a Slovak debtor: four rules that work differently in Slovakia
- A Czech payment order and a debtor who does not collect post: data mailboxes, cancellation of the order and what comes next
- What to check before taking on a property: the check the agent carries out, and the moment it must be handed to a lawyer
- A cookie banner for a Slovak and a Czech website: one standard, two statutes
- Gifting property to one of the children: what it means for the siblings’ inheritance
- Gift, sale at a nominal price or exchange: which agreement to choose when transferring property within the family
- After the first flat is sold: the developer as co-owner of the building, the repair fund and defects in common parts
- Distributor, commercial agent or commission agent: three sales models and their consequences
- Agreement terminating employment: when it is safer than notice and what belongs in it
- The agreement with an authorised person in the RPVS: what belongs in it and what to watch for
- A dispute over a .sk, .cz or .eu domain: court or alternative dispute resolution
- Own-account transport: when a company needs no transport operator authorisation or Community licence
- Serving notice and immediate termination: the rules of Section 38 of the Labour Code
- The supervisory board in an s.r.o. and a joint-stock company: when to set one up and what it can do
- Two responsible persons: the DPO under the GDPR and the responsible person for whistleblowing
- Small claims proceedings against a Polish company: when they are worthwhile and how they run
- Classes of shares in a simple joint-stock company: how to divide votes, profit and information between founders, investor and team on incorporation
- Cooperative or civic association: which form can carry a joint project
- Legal due diligence on a startup before the first round: what an investor checks and what to prepare in advance
- Duplicate ownership before the court: how to frame the claim and what decides the winner
- The European Account Preservation Order has been issued. What happens to the debtor's money and what the creditor must do
- Enforcement in Czechia for a Slovak creditor: choosing the enforcement officer, advances and enforcement that yields nothing
- Errors in the issuer's register: how a company corrects details of an issue and entries in shareholders' accounts
- Cabotage, the return of the vehicle and documents: rules for hauliers with a Community licence
- Freight charges from a foreign customer: where to sue under the CMR Convention, under which law and how to enforce the judgment
- When a corporate change really takes effect: the decision, the entry and publication in the Commercial Register
- When to end out-of-court recovery: five signals that it is time to go to court
- A limited partnership with an s.r.o. as general partner: how the structure works and where its limits lie
- A non-compete clause in the employment contract: how to draft one that protects the business and stands up
- A bond issuer in bankruptcy or restructuring: what a bondholder must do and within what periods
- A customer in bankruptcy in Slovakia or in insolvency in Czechia: what the creditor does differently
- Buying shares in a simple joint-stock company: what a registered tag-along and drag-along mean for the buyer
- Buying a flat subject to the seller’s mortgage: how to pay so that you do not also buy someone else’s debt
- Buying a tenanted flat: what passes to you from the tenancy and what to settle in the sale agreement
- Buying an older family house: what the agreement should say about the condition of the house, defects and the seller’s declarations
- Sale agreement for a house and land: how to identify the building, the parcels and the appurtenances so that it passes the Land Register
- A sale agreement for a car or machine: under the Civil Code, or the Commercial Code?
- When the Land Register stays or refuses registration: what the sale agreement should settle in advance
- Influencer content in brand advertising: what the licence to photos and videos must contain
- Certificated or book-entry shares: what to choose when incorporating a joint-stock company
- A logo from a designer as a trademark: without a licence you risk oppositions and a dispute over rights
- A Czech joint-stock company with an administrative board or with a board of directors: choosing the structure on formation
- An NDA with a foreign partner: which law, which court and which language
- The tenant of business premises is not paying: notice, retention of goods and eviction from non-residential premises
- An unpaid bond: why the Investment Guarantee Fund will not cover the loss and when to look at whoever sold you the bond
- Debt acknowledgement in a notarial deed: enforcement without a claim, and its limits
- Business name and trademark: why registering a company does not protect the brand
- The business name of a new s.r.o.: what the registry court checks and what you answer for yourself
- Standard terms when selling to Czech companies: what changes when Czech law applies
- Trade secrets in Slovakia and Czechia: what the law protects and what an NDA must add
- Limitation of liability in EULAs and SaaS terms: what stands up against businesses and against consumers
- From an architectural study to the building design: documentation stages and the contracts that carry them
- The payment order is final and the debtor is not paying: how it turns into enforcement
- From reservation to registration of the owner: how the documents in a property deal should follow on from one another
- A partner’s departure, death or enforcement: how to preserve a general partnership and a limited partnership
- When a managing director leaves: resignation, removal, the service agreement and deletion from the register
- A managing director’s remuneration in Slovakia and Czechia: who approves it, in what form, and what if it is missing
- From a branch establishment to a Czech s. r. o.: transfer of part of an enterprise, employees and authorisations
- Dismissing or reassigning a whistleblower: when it amounts to retaliation and what the Office can do
- Immediate termination, or notice? The choice on a serious breach of work discipline
- Correcting an incorrect entry with retrospective effect: what it means for dividends, voting and any onward transfer
- An organisational unit in Slovakia and a branch establishment in Czechia: what they have in common and how they differ
- Buying arable land to build on: what has to happen before it becomes a building plot
- Signing a document for the Czech Republic while living in Slovakia: who will certify it
- A flat fee or payment per deal: how an estate agency agrees a lawyer’s fee
- The debtor paid and then went into bankruptcy: when the creditor must return the payment
- Payment terms in a sale agreement for property: when and how to pay so that no one loses the money or the flat
- A payment order under the Code of Civil Dispute Procedure, or electronic payment order proceedings: two routes to a title and two ways of defending
- A Slovak, Czech or European payment order: what to choose when the debtor is based across the Czech-Slovak border
- A foreign company’s branch in the new Commercial Register: who files the application, what the time limits are and what happens on refusal
- When a management decision goes wrong: records, minutes and shareholder consent as protection for directors
- A Polish customer is not paying: which European tools work and when a Polish court is needed
- Right of way across another person’s land: agreement, court decision and access when a parcel is divided
- Selling flats in a bank-financed project: the pledge, releasing units and deletion
- Selling a company registered in RPVS: what to check before signing and what to complete after the transfer
- Selling agricultural land farmed by a tenant: what the buyer takes over and when the lease can end
- Selling a permitted project? The licence to the study and the design does not pass with the land automatically
- The pre-action demand in Slovak law: four situations in which a demand has legal consequences
- When an invoice between a Slovak and a Czech company becomes time-barred: three years, four years or the 1974 Convention
- Letting a co-owned flat or house: who decides, who signs and who is entitled to the rent
- Transferring a cooperative share in Czechia and in Slovakia: where the rules differ
- Articles of association of a j. s. a.: how to restrict share transfers, exclude inheritance and guard against enforcement against a shareholder
- Prohlášení o pravosti podpisu: what a lawyer confirms when verifying a signature and what the clause contains
- Procuration, power of attorney, authorisation by activity or another managing director: how to give someone the right to sign for the company
- Commission of a commercial agent and of a broker: when it arises, when it falls due and when it lapses
- Registering a civic association: from the preparatory committee to entry in the register
- Registering a trademark: from the search to registration, and choosing between SR, CR and the EU
- Complaints after 31 July 2026: what an e-shop must change in its complaints procedure
- A complaints procedure for Slovakia and Czechia: where the two regimes diverge
- A reservation agreement or an agreement on a future sale agreement: who is really bound to what
- An arbitration clause for disputes between shareholders: what can go before arbitrators and what is better left out
- An arbitral award from Slovakia in Czechia and from Czechia in Slovakia: recognition and enforcement
- Shareholders parting ways and intellectual property: who keeps the brand, the software and the business name
- Suretyship and bank guarantees for a loan: when security weakens while the debt runs
- Termination of employment in Czechia and Slovakia: the differences employers run into
- A competitor has copied your website, texts or photographs: what copyright offers and what unfair competition offers
- Latent defects in property in Slovakia and in Czechia: time limits, claims and the differences that matter
- When a shareholder dies: what happens to certificated and book-entry shares
- When the tenant of a flat dies: transfer of the lease, belongings in the flat and eviction in Slovakia and Czechia
- Joint development with a competitor: when the EU block exemption covers the agreement
- Equal pay disputes under the new rules: what an employer must be able to prove
- Subcontractors in public contracts: when they must be in RPVS and how they prove participation requirements
- Managing director and CEO in one person: holding office alongside an employment contract in Slovakia and Czechia
- Cookie consent: how to prove it, when to renew it and how to allow it to be withdrawn
- Tag-along and drag-along in a j. s. a.: what the arrangement must contain to be registrable and enforceable
- From an organisational unit to a Slovak s. r. o.: sale of the enterprise, employees and deletion in the right order
- What an influencer may say about a product: health claims, medicines and comparisons with competitors
- A personal data breach: what to do in the first 72 hours and the data protection officer’s role
- Constituent meeting of a cooperative: what it must decide and what follows up to registration
- Acknowledgement of debt under Slovak and Czech law: three regimes, three different outcomes
- Guarding your own premises with your own employees: in-house protection needs a licence too
- General and limited partnerships: when a partnership makes sense instead of an s.r.o.
- Acquisitive prescription of land: when ten years of possession suffice for ownership and how it reaches the cadastre
- Enforcing a pledge over shares: how a creditor obtains satisfaction when the debtor does not pay
- Enforcement of a lien over immovable property: from notice to the debtor to a voluntary auction
- Exchanging flats by exchange agreement: linking two transfers, a mortgage and a balancing payment
- Cooperation with a university from 1 September 2026: inventions and works of researchers belong to them unless agreed otherwise with the institution
- Notice for unsatisfactory work results: the request, reasonable time and common mistakes
- Notice during sick leave, pregnancy or parental leave: what Section 64 of the Labour Code prohibits
- Posting workers between Slovakia and Czechia: notification, pay and agency workers
- Assignment of a receivable by way of security: when credit is secured by customer invoices
- Claim for the dissolution and settlement of co-ownership in shares: from the demand to registration of the judgment
- Pledge or security transfer of real estate: which is stronger for a lender
- Pledges over certificated registered shares: the register, the endorsement clause and the company's consent
- A lien ranking second: what the second creditor receives when the debtor stops paying
- Registration refused by the cadastre: an appeal, or a new agreement and a new application?
- Minutes of a general meeting and a sole shareholder’s decision: which form applies from 17 August 2026
- The customer deducted damage from the freight charges: when set-off in CMR carriage does not stand up
- Binding opinions on the building intent: time limits, silence of the authority and defences against conditions
- Updates and changes to an application: what you may change for a customer who has already paid
- Converting an s.r.o. into a joint-stock company: the project, approval and registration under the Transformations Act
- The period for objecting to a payment order has expired: what is left to the defendant company
- The franchise agreement in the draft new Civil Code
- A membership rights transfer agreement in a housing cooperative: what belongs in it and when to pay
- A domain transfer agreement: what is transferred and how to tie payment to the transfer
- Contractual penalties in estate agency agreements: where protection of commission ends and an unfair term begins
- One contract template for Slovakia and Czechia: where the two legal systems diverge
- Reducing the share capital of an s.r.o.: when it is done, who decides and how creditors are protected
- Cybersecurity as a management task: what the Act imposes on statutory bodies
- Dissolution without liquidation: when a company ends without a liquidator and what happens after dissolution by the court
- Agile software development: a contract designed for sprints
- Legal due diligence before buying a company: what is checked and what usually emerges
- Family business succession: transferring to children during your lifetime
- AML amendment: goAML registration by 30 November 2026 and stricter beneficial owner verification
- Debt recovery audit: eight questions showing how much money your business leaves uncollected
- The end of duty-free consignments up to EUR 150: online store rules from 1 July 2026
- Conflicts of interest in public procurement: when bidders risk exclusion
- Non-compete clauses: different rules in Slovakia and Czechia
- MiCA CASP authorisation: preparing your application to NBS
- NIS2 does not end at registration: cybersecurity belongs in supplier contracts
- Put and call options: agreeing shareholders’ separation in advance
- Bespoke software: source code, SLAs and escrow determine your control
- Stablecoins in business: when CASP authorisation is not enough and payment authorisation is needed
- Construction is no longer an unregulated trade: what a building company needs today
- The construction site diary as evidence: missing entries are hard to prove years later
- Work statements, interim invoices and retention: construction payments depend on the contract
- Moving a company between Slovakia and Czechia: conversion without liquidation
- A company’s reputation has value: damage to it can justify monetary redress
- NBS scrutinised corporate bond sales: what distributor inspections revealed
- Partial division: separating part of a business while the original company survives
- New social contributions for the self-employed: income test, contribution holidays and micro-contribution
- Land consolidation: what owners can influence and why silence means consent
- Acceptance records in contracts for work: the formality that determines payment
- A year of discount inspections: what SOI actually fines in promotions and sales
- Building amnesty: three routes for legalising old and unauthorised buildings
- Disguised labour supply: why Czech labour inspectors impose multimillion-crown fines
- When a director pays the company’s debts: three routes for creditors
- Minimum wage 2026: EUR 915 is only the first of six grades
- Certificate of no illegal employment fine: when a company needs it and what prevents issuance
- Hiring support for people over 50 in 2026: up to EUR 1,291.17 monthly
- Equal Pay Act: what employers needed by 31 July 2026 and what comes next
- Corporate minimum tax gains a fifth band in 2026: EUR 11,520
- Bought a business without a tax schedule? The law presumes a full deduction
- Lower cash payments from January 2026: the limit fell to EUR 5,000
- Listing Act from 5 June 2026: what changes for Slovak issuers and what does not
- Selling an s.r.o. interest tax-free after three years? No such rule exists
- From 20 November 2026, consumer credit includes products you may not think of as loans
- ESOPs in Slovakia: s.r.o., a.s. or j.s.a. — which form supports employee equity?
- Financial assistance is no longer prohibited: the rules from 1 March 2024 and implications for ESOPs
- The simple joint-stock company: an ESOP built directly into the law
- The ban on chains of single-member s.r.o. companies is abolished: implications for holdings and SPVs
- Land register access was meant to require login. Parliament rejected the amendment: what applies now?
- The end of two codes: obligations under a single code
- Damages under the new rules: what can and cannot be agreed
- Breach of contract under the new rules: one system of remedies
- Receivables under the Civil Code bill: contractual assignment bans would lose effect against third parties
- Limitation under the Civil Code bill: generally three years
- Directors under the Civil Code bill: representation, conflicts and rules for performing office
- Scrutiny of standard terms and liability for bad-faith negotiations
- Contract invalidity under the new rules: introducing avoidance
- Lawyer escrow when buying property: why the money should not go straight to the seller
- Czech customer not paying? Recovering a debt in Czechia without a second law firm
- Corporate bonds in Czechia: when they also make sense for Slovak developers
- Forming a Czech s.r.o. from Slovakia: the complete process without a trip to Czechia
- New rules for transfers of ownership interests: notary or lawyer
- The new Commercial Register Act: changes for your company from 17 August 2026
Legal Q&A
- Can our s. r. o. buy back its own business interest and hold it for future employees?
- What is the minimum share capital for an s.r.o., and must I deposit it in a bank?
- Who owns the copyright in software created for me by a supplier?
- Must an agreement be in writing to be valid?
- When does a claim become time-barred?
- How long is the notice period, and when does it start?
- When do I become the owner of a property: on signing the agreement or on land registration?
- What must an estate agency agreement contain?
- How do defect liability and warranties work under a construction contract?
- What is the difference between constitutive registration, a declaratory record and a note in the cadastre?
- What does a pending-change marker on a title sheet mean?
- How should I recover an unpaid invoice?
- What can a title sheet tell me?
- What do notes on a title sheet mean?
- Can we offer employees shares below their issue price?
- Can I form an s.r.o. on my own, without other shareholders?
- How long does a customer have to return goods bought online?
- How does a contractual penalty work, and is it enforceable?
- What default interest can I claim on an unpaid invoice?
- When am I entitled to severance pay, and how much?
- How long does land registration take, and can it be expedited?
- When does a real estate agency become entitled to commission?
- Can a contractor charge more than the budget for additional works?
- Must a memorandum of association now take the form of a notarial deed, or is lawyer authorisation sufficient?
- How can I find the owner of land and its parcel number?
- When can an s.r.o. distribute profits to its shareholders?
- How can I find out who previously owned a property?
- Is a business share in an s.r.o. inherited, and can the heir continue as a shareholder?
- When does the AI Act apply, and who does it cover?
- What is the difference between a contribution and a business share in an s.r.o.?
- How is a shareholder’s settlement share calculated when participation ends?
- What does the Central Securities Depository charge for, and how much?
- What is phantom stock, and when is it better for a company than actual equity?
- Does a business share in an s.r.o. form part of marital community property?
- Am I liable for company debts as an s.r.o. shareholder?
- What duties apply when I process customers' personal data under the GDPR?
- How can I validly withdraw from an agreement?
- What is a payment order and how can I challenge it?
- How long can probation last, and how can employment end during it?
- Must I approach the other co-owners before selling my share in a property?
- How does a reservation agreement work, and what happens to the reservation fee?
- Why are handover and a handover record important on a building project?
- Do I pay income tax when transferring or selling a business share in an s.r.o.?
- What documents do I sign when buying a franchise?
- How many shares can a simple joint-stock company allocate to employees, and when must it distribute them?
- How do I transfer a business share in an s.r.o. to another person?
- Do I need a non-disclosure agreement, and what should it contain?
- What is an agreement to enter into a future agreement, and how binding is it?
- How and by when should a claim be registered in bankruptcy?
- When may an employer terminate employment immediately?
- Does a real estate agency have anti-money laundering (AML) obligations?
- Defects appeared after I bought the property. What can I claim from the seller?
- How does an agreement to enter into a purchase contract work for flats in a development?
- Can the franchisor change the operating manual unilaterally?
- Must I pay tax on income from selling a business share in an s.r.o.?
- Who is a beneficial owner, and how are they identified?
- Which law governs a franchise agreement between a Czech and a Slovak company?
- Is VAT payable when selling property?
- What happens if we are not registered in RPVS or miss annual verification?
- When is income from selling property exempt from income tax?
- What must an RPVS verification document contain, and who prepares it?
- How much of a purchase price can be paid in cash?
- Is an s.r.o. shareholder entitled to a share of the remaining liquidation proceeds?
- How are employee shares and business interests under an ESOP taxed?
- Can I, as a customer, be liable for VAT my supplier has not paid?
- Can an s.r.o. shareholder replace a cash contribution with a non-cash contribution?
- Is VAT payable on the sale of an enterprise or part of one?
- Does a new company created by a merger pay minimum tax in its first year?
- Can a security right be created over a business share in an s.r.o.?
- Can self-employed contractors, such as developers outside employment, also receive ESOP equity?
- How can I challenge an invalid general meeting resolution in an s.r.o.?
- Is an s.r.o. managing director personally liable for its debts?
- Someone registered a domain using my name or brand. What can I do?
- When is an agreement invalid?
- When am I entitled to damages, and what is unjust enrichment?
- Is a post-employment non-compete clause valid, and must compensation be paid?
- We gifted property to our children. Can we ask for it back?
- May a real estate agency draft property purchase agreements itself?
- As a developer, do I own the copyright in the design documentation?
- Is an s.r.o. shareholder subject to the same non-compete duty as a managing director?
- I want to leave an s.r.o., but the other shareholders disagree. What can I do?
- The sole shareholder and director of an s.r.o. died without an heir. What happens to the company?
- Must I make additional payments as a shareholder to cover company losses?
- When is a bond offer a public offer?
- Can I form an s.r.o. if I have tax debts or am subject to enforcement?
- Can I appoint the company’s managing director to represent me at a general meeting?
- How do I remove a managing director of an s.r.o.?
- What information must an online shop provide, and how is an order placed?
- How can a claim be transferred to another person by assignment?
- What limits apply to work agreements outside an employment relationship?
- What deposit can I request when letting an apartment, and when must I return it?
- Can a client withdraw from a brokerage agreement within 14 days?
- What must a contract transferring a newly built flat contain?
- Can I contribute my work to the company instead of money?
- What is a simple joint-stock company, and who is it suitable for?
- An investor wants drag-along and tag-along rights in the agreement. What do they mean?
- Does publishing bond terms and conditions on our website constitute a public offer?
- When and where may we contact a debtor who is a consumer?
- I am transferring my share to my brother. Do I need the other shareholders’ consent?
- Can several people own a single business share?
- As a shareholder, am I entitled to payment for work for the company without a contract?
- The company is inactive and may be removed by the court. Am I exposed as a shareholder?
- Can I apply to expel another shareholder from an s.r.o.?
- Is it enough to state in the materials that this is a private offer?
- What must a payment demand contain to avoid being an unfair practice?
- I changed my surname. What documents are needed to update the Commercial Register?
- Can enforcement be taken against a business share in an s.r.o.?
- What happens when an s.r.o. shareholder is declared bankrupt?
- I sold my business share. Am I still entitled to profits from the previous year?
- When do we need a prospectus for a bond issue?
- Why should a debt acknowledgement be in a separate document?
- We offer bonds to fewer than 150 investors. When will the exemption fail?
- How should an offer intended only for qualified investors be labelled?
- How long does NBS prospectus approval take?
- Can a network of financial agents sell our bonds?
- Which wording must we avoid in bond marketing?
- Does National Bank of Slovakia prospectus approval mean an issue is safe?
- What must an issuer disclose after issuing bonds?
- Can we give investors a bonus return linked to a project's success?
- We are contributing real estate to an s. r. o. When does the company become its owner?
- A company that owns real estate has been deleted from the Commercial Register. Can anything still be done?
- We are merging companies. Is the property automatically registered in the successor's name?
- We are buying property from a joint-stock company. What additional checks are needed?
- Someone filed agreements transferring our properties with the land register, but we did not sign them. What should we do?
- The creditor no longer exists, but its security remains on our title sheet. How do we remove it?
- Our company’s property is subject to enforcement. Can we sell it at all?
- Part of our land is being expropriated for a road. What happens to compensation and encumbrances?
- Our company is buying agricultural land. What restrictions apply today?
- The land registry found an error in the agreement. Can it be corrected after the registration application was filed?
- We are selling a share in an urbarial land community. Must we offer it to the other shareholders first?
- An investor wants to buy building land from an urbarial land community. What is the procedure?
- We are creating an easement for utilities. How should it be surveyed?
- We built a building but the Land Register has not recorded it. What usually went wrong?
- There is a garage and cellar by the house that are not on the title sheet. Can we sell them with the house?
- The building manager refuses to issue a no-arrears certificate. Will this stop our flat sale?
- The bank requires a building under construction to be registered. How does this work?
- We are dividing land using a survey plan. Do all co-owners need to consent?
- A co-owner refuses to sell. Can co-ownership be ended against their wishes?
- A co-owner sold their share to a stranger without offering it to me. What can I do?
- A co-ownership share is mortgaged. Can the co-ownership still be settled?
- We each own half a house. Can it be divided into two separate flats?
- We are creating an easement over land with several co-owners. Who has to sign?
- I owned an apartment before our wedding. Can it subsequently become part of marital community property?
- The municipality assigned a building number to a shelter. Does that mean the Land Register will record it?
- We are converting a hotel into flats. How is this reflected in the Land Register?
- We demolished a building. How do we remove it from the title sheet if it is mortgaged?
- What am I buying with an apartment? Does it include the cellar, balcony and parking space?
- We want to extend our flat into the loft. Is consent at the owners’ meeting enough?
- I am buying a flat. Do I also get a share in the land beneath the building and the surrounding garden?
- The other owners outvoted me at the meeting. Can I challenge the decision?
- We are buying a cooperative apartment. How does this differ from owning an apartment outright?
- A security right in favour of the other owners is registered over the flat. Can it be removed?
- We have an old securities account at CDCP from privatisation. What should we do with it?
- We are a joint-stock company. Who maintains our shareholder list?
- We have inherited securities. How do we access the account at CDCP?
- Can my wife or son help in the business without an employment contract?
- We registered an employee with the Social Insurance Agency late. Is this illegal employment?
- Are we liable if our supplier employs people illegally?
- We hired a third-country national. What must we report to the labour office, and when?
- We employ an EU citizen. Do we have any obligations towards the labour office?
- Can the Slovak Trade Inspection fine our online shop from screenshots alone, without an on-site inspection?
- How should we display discounts, and what is the lowest price in the previous 30 days?
- We sell online courses. Can our terms say course fees are non-refundable?
- Do we have to verify reviews on our online shop?
- How many days do we have to resolve a defect complaint, and what if we miss the deadline?
- What must we do to make shop and workplace CCTV lawful?
- Someone has applied for a trademark similar to ours. How and by when can we oppose it?
- We have a registered trademark but do not use it. Can we lose it?
- We are a medium-sized business. Does NIS2 apply, and must we register with NBÚ?
- The land registry has an error: an incorrect area or owner. How can I have it corrected?
- Two title sheets name different owners of the same land. How is this resolved?
- An old lifetime use easement remains on the title record. How do we remove it?
- The land has no title sheet. Who owns it, and how can I acquire it?
- I am buying property in Czechia. How does land registration work, and how does it differ from Slovakia?
- An old house has no occupancy approval and is absent from the Land Register. How do I register it?
- We built without a building permit in the 1990s. Can the building still be legalised?
- The authority returned our minor-building notification. Can we challenge this?
- We are selling a listed cultural monument. Must we offer it to the state first?
- We bought a house in a heritage zone. What can we do without involving the heritage authority?
- We want to divide land among our children. When will the Land Register refuse subdivision under the anti-fragmentation rules?
- A cooperative farms our land without an agreement. How do we get it back for our own use?
- What rent should we receive for agricultural land, and what is the usual rent figure?
- What is the difference between a transfer, a transmission and a movement of securities between accounts?
- How do we create a pledge over shares, and what is entered in the pledge register?
- What does suspension of the right to dispose of securities mean, and who can have it registered?
- Is the shareholder register of a simple joint-stock company public, and how can I obtain an extract?
- We have incorporated a joint-stock company. How do we register a share issue at CDCP and obtain an ISIN?
- Can a business name be reserved before a company is formed?
- Do we still need a separate trade licensing office step before forming an s. r. o.?
- Which documents should we bring for a lawyer to authorise our agreement?
- Why does a lawyer examine beneficial ownership when authorising an agreement?
- When does a company need NBS authorisation to lend money?
- What is a bond issue agent, and can an issuer manage without one?
- How does lawyer escrow protect the purchase price when a company is sold?
- We are being sued for a contractual penalty for each day of delay. Can the court reduce it?
- The customer is using the works but has not signed the handover record and refuses to pay. What can we do?
- The works are defective. Can we claim damages as well as a price reduction?
- The managing director caused the company loss, but the company is not suing. Can a member bring the claim?
- We signed an agreement with an arbitration clause. Can the dispute still be brought before an ordinary court?
- The debtor company failed with no assets. Can we sue its managing director directly?
- The debtor transferred assets to family members to avoid paying. Can anything be done?
- The debtor says nothing is owed because it set off its own claim. Is that valid?
- The trustee disputed our registered claim. What should we do, and by when?
- Our debtor obtained a personal bankruptcy discharge. Is our claim permanently lost?
- We supplied goods without a written contract, only invoices. Can we recover payment?
- Our commercial agent is taking clients after the agreement ended. Will the non-compete clause hold up?
- The tenant keeps using the premises after the lease ends. Why must I act quickly to recover possession?
- What must an objection to a payment order contain to avoid rejection?
- An international freight invoice has a six-month payment term. When is the claim time-barred under CMR?
- How does a European order for payment work, and what do we need for Form A?
- The debtor wants instalments. How should an acknowledgement and payment schedule protect us?
- How does liquidation of an s.r.o. work, and how long does it take for the company to cease to exist?
- What can a procuration holder sign, and what does procuration not cover?
- Can s.r.o. shareholders decide without a general meeting, by written resolution?
- Can we pay a profit distribution in cash?
- I want to transfer my business share to my son for free. What are the risks?
- When do our standard terms actually become part of the agreement?
- Our agreement is in Slovak and English. Which version applies if the texts differ?
- How do we sell goods with retention of title so we do not lose them before payment?
- Our commercial agency agreement has ended. Is the agent still entitled to commission on later transactions?
- As a self-employed contractor, I signed a three-year non-compete. Is it enforceable?
- Our company did not read a judgment in its electronic mailbox. Is it still treated as served?
- How do we give our accountant or lawyer access to the company's electronic mailbox?
- What is registration in the List of Economic Operators for, and which documents do you not need to provide?
- The contracting authority has not issued our reference. How can we obtain it?
- We raise money from investors for projects. When is this unauthorised collective investment?
- We finance a project with private investor loans. When does this become unlicensed deposit-taking?
- Is an accept-or-leave cookie banner lawful?
- Nobody enters a name or email on our website. Do we need to address the GDPR at all?
- We bought a property “as is”. Can we still claim for defects?
- Is buying property from a bankruptcy estate worthwhile? Will I take over the title sheet encumbrances?
- We let out a family house. Do the same notice rules apply as for a flat?
- What is a short-term flat tenancy, and why is it more favourable for landlords?
- We built exactly to the employer’s design and the works are defective. Are we liable?
- When does a claim for restitution of unjust enrichment become time-barred?
- I lent money, but the other party says it was a gift. Who has to prove what?
- The debtor paid only after we filed a claim. Can we withdraw it without losing our costs?
- We have a final Swiss judgment. How do we enforce it in Slovakia?
- The lender wants the property to become theirs automatically if the loan is not repaid. Is that legal?
- The other party wants an ‘irrevocable’ power of attorney as security for the deal. Can we give one?
- We are creating an easement. When should it benefit a person and when should it benefit land?
- We want to gift our house to our children but live there for life. How can we do this safely?
- How do we increase an s.r.o.’s share capital, and when is it worthwhile?
- Must our company's responsible representative be an employee? Slovakia compared with Czechia
- Our s. r. o. needs authorisation for a regulated trade. How do we notify it and what evidence is required?
- We drive a van with a trailer abroad. Do we need a tachograph from 1 July 2026?
- A client refuses to pay for standby because no intervention was needed. Are they right?
- We are planning a purchase-linked consumer competition. Do we need a licence, and who pays tax on prizes?
- My company is buying from a private individual. Does consumer law protect the seller against me?
- How does the authority calculate a fine for a GDPR breach?
- We want to launch a crowdfunding platform. Do we need NBS authorisation?
- Must a managing director have a service agreement, and what happens without one?
- Do we need an internal whistleblowing system?
- We want to change the authorised person in the Register of Public Sector Partners. How does it work?
- When is a certified signature enough, and when do we need lawyer authorisation?
- We want to operate a guarding service. What do we need for a private security licence?
- What do we need for a road haulage operator authorisation for vehicles over 3.5 tonnes?
- Can we send newsletters to existing customers without their express consent?
- Must an influencer label our post as advertising, and who is liable if they do not?
- What must appear on a company website even if we do not sell through it?
- How do we check a new customer before supplying on credit?
- The client bought the property after the estate agency agreement ended. Is commission still payable?
- Do I need my spouse’s consent when selling or buying property?
- I am buying a car from Czechia. What should I check, and what must the agreement contain?
- A relative and I are exchanging plots. How does an exchange agreement work, and what about tax?
- An employee has challenged dismissal in court. What deadlines apply and what should we prepare?
- An employee repeatedly breaches work discipline. When can we dismiss them?
- A Slovak debtor keeps money in an account with a Czech bank. Can the account be blocked by a European order?
- Our bank has preserved our account on the basis of a European order issued in another state. How can we defend ourselves?
- A Polish customer is moving money around. Can we preserve its account with a Polish bank before we sue?
- Which court do we apply to for a European order for payment, and how much is the court fee?
- We have an enforceable European order for payment. How do we enforce it in the state where the debtor has assets?
- A Polish customer is not paying our invoices. Do we have to sue in Poland, or can we do so before a Slovak court?
- We have a Slovak judgment against a Polish company. How do we enforce it in Poland?
- Our agreement was authorised by a lawyer. Who is liable if something goes wrong?
- The buyer is taking out a mortgage and the bank wants me, as the seller, to sign the security agreement. Why, and is it safe?
- I signed an agreement for a flat and the bank refused my mortgage. Do I still have to buy it?
- We are buying a flat on a mortgage as an unmarried couple. How should we set it up so that both of us are protected?
- We would like to exchange plots of land with our municipality. How is such an exchange carried out and what should we watch for?
- My brother and I each own half of a house and of a plot of land. Should we exchange our shares or dissolve the co-ownership?
- What is a limited partner liable for, and when may they be liable as a general partner?
- How is profit divided in a limited partnership between the general partners and the limited partners?
- May a limited partner sell their interest in a limited partnership to another person?
- Am I liable for the debts of a general partnership even after I leave it?
- What happens to a general partnership when only one partner is left in it?
- Must every partner act for our general partnership, or can just one of us do it?
- The two of us are sole traders doing business together. Do we have to form a company for that?
- May a Slovak s.r.o. be the managing director of our Czech s.r.o.?
- Shares are missing from my account at CDCP. Is this an error in the entry, or a dispute over ownership?
- The error is in the records of a bank or dealer, not at CDCP itself. Who do I file the objection with?
- How do I verify that my shares are correctly recorded in CDCP's records?
- Our shares are pledged to the bank. May we pledge them to a further creditor or sell them?
- I bought certificated registered shares, but the company will not have the change entered in the shareholder register. What can I do?
- A minority shareholder in our j. s. a. refuses to sell under the drag-along. Can we transfer their shares without them?
- Our investor is leaving the j. s. a. How do we amend or delete a registered tag-along and drag-along?
- Must we tell customers that they are being answered by a chatbot on our website?
- Must we train employees who use AI tools?
- How long must whistleblowing reports be kept and who may have access to them?
- Can an employee bypass our reporting channel and go straight to an authority or the media?
- Can a group of companies have a single shared data protection officer (DPO)?
- Our transport manager is leaving. How much time do we have to replace them without losing the authorisation?
- We trace debtors' assets and gather information on companies for clients. Do we need a detective service licence?
- We are selling a company holding a private security licence and the managing director is changing. Will the licence remain valid?
- We want to issue our own token. Do we need authorisation under MiCA?
- We are developing a non-custodial crypto wallet. Do we need a CASP authorisation?
- We hold a CASP authorisation in Slovakia. How do we start providing crypto-asset services in Czechia?
- Our company has been hit by a cyberattack. To whom and by when must we report it?
- Must we undergo a cybersecurity audit, or is a self-assessment enough?
- We no longer do business with the State. Should we be removed from the RPVS, or is ending the arrangement with our authorised person enough?
- Can our regular lawyer or auditor act as our RPVS authorised person?
- We are on the List of Economic Operators. What must we still submit with a tender?
- Our customer is in bankruptcy. Can we set off what it owes us against what we owe it?
- The company whose loan I guaranteed has gone into bankruptcy. Do I have to pay its debt?
- The managing director signed a contract above the limit set by the memorandum of association. Is the company bound by it?
- We have two managing directors and they disagree on an important matter. Who decides?
- Does a procuration holder need a contract with the company, and is he liable for damage he causes?
- We have revoked our procuration holder’s procuration. Can he still sign for the company?
- Our system implementation is late. May we withdraw only from the part the supplier has not delivered?
- The new system does not work with our older software. Is the implementation supplier liable for this?
- The supplier of our new system will be migrating our customer data. Do we need a GDPR contract with it?
- A trademark owner is demanding that we hand over our domain. Must we?
- We are buying an e-shop. How do we make sure the domain passes to us as well?
- Our client is not supplying materials or testing during software development. Must we still meet the deadline?
- May our licence terms prohibit a back-up copy and the study of our software?
- A customer wants to resell a licence to our software. May we prohibit that?
- A customer is leaving our SaaS service for another supplier. Must we assist with the switch?
- Can we increase the subscription price for our SaaS customers during the term of the agreement?
- The supplier failed to meet the SLA. Is a credit all we get, or may we also claim damages?
- May we reject a complaint where the customer has no receipt or original packaging?
- Who pays the postage when a customer makes a defect complaint about goods from an e-shop?
- Which sentences in an e-shop's terms and conditions are invalid against a consumer?
- We paid a deposit under an agreement to enter into a future contract. Will we get it back if the deal falls through?
- We developed the patent jointly with a partner. What may each of us do without the other's consent?
- An invention in a joint project was created by our employee. What must we do for it to belong to the company?
- We are running a project with a Czech university funded from Czech public support. Who will own the results?
- Is a non-disclosure agreement confirmed by email or by a click in a data room enough?
- The recipient under our NDA wants to show our information to its advisers and subcontractors. Who is liable if they leak it?
- The other party returned our contract template with changes it did not mark. Is what we signed binding?
- There is an ambiguous provision in our contract template. Will a court construe it in our favour?
- Our salesperson signed a contract on terms our internal template does not permit. Is the company bound?
- May our commercial agent also represent a competitor during the term of our agreement?
- We want to end a mandate contract. When does the notice take effect and what must we pay the mandatary?
- We gave goods to a commission agent to sell. Who owns them until they are sold, and what if the buyer does not pay?
- Will contracts concluded before the new Civil Code takes effect be governed by the new statute?
- What will change for leases of business premises under the new Civil Code bill?
- What will change for commercial agency agreements under the new Civil Code bill?
- An invoice between a Slovak and a Czech company is overdue. What default interest and what compensation for costs can we claim?
- Our Czech customer promises to pay and is proposing instalments. How do we make sure our claim does not become time-barred in the meantime?
- A Czech or Slovak customer refuses to pay, claiming the goods were defective. When does such a defence fail?
- Our debtor traded as a sole trader and has since cancelled the trade licence. Can the debt still be recovered?
- The debtor has sent only part of the debt. What will its payment be allocated to?
- When may we claim an irrecoverable debt as a tax expense?
- We have bought a portfolio of receivables. How do we take over the court and enforcement proceedings already under way?
- Our Czech customer is in insolvency. What happens to our action and our enforcement?
- A Czech customer in insolvency owes us money and we owe it money too. Can we set the claims off?
- How do we check a Czech company before we supply it on invoice or sue it?
- A Czech customer has lodged an objection against the order for payment without giving any reasons. Will the dispute drag on for years?
- My former employer is not paying the compensation for the non-compete clause. Must I continue to observe it?
- An employee is leaving and we no longer need the non-compete clause. May we withdraw from it?
- An employee has caused us loss. Can we deduct it from their wages?
- An employee is requesting information about their own pay and the average pay of colleagues. What must we provide, and by when?
- How should we group employees into categories, and what is work of equal value?
- Do bonuses, benefits and a company car count towards equal pay?
- Can a manager be removed from office without notice, or must we serve notice of termination?
- A manager gave notice and has stopped coming to work. Can we claim compensation for the notice period?
- May our manager run a business or serve on the body of another company alongside their employment?
- Can a temporary employment agency assign us workers from outside the EU?
- How long may an agency assign the same employee to one business?
- My employer has not paid my wages. Can I terminate the employment immediately, and what am I entitled to?
- An employee has not come to work for several days and is not responding. Can we terminate the employment immediately?
- We are abolishing a post. What must a redundancy notice satisfy in order to stand?
- Can we move into the house we have bought before registration in the cadastre?
- We are buying a house that can only be reached across a neighbour’s land. How do we secure access?
- The seller wants to take the solar panels, the kitchen units and the shed. What belongs to the house we are buying?
- We want to withdraw from the purchase of a house because of a serious defect. How is the money returned and what happens in the cadastre?
- What information must an estate agency give a client before an agency agreement is signed?
- Our agents work as self-employed contractors. Does the estate agency risk a penalty for illegal employment?
- We hold a cooperative apartment as a married couple. Can one of us transfer it without the other?
- We have bought a cooperative apartment. Can we require the cooperative to transfer it into our ownership?
- We want an arbitration clause in a commercial contract. What must it contain in order to be valid and usable?
- Can we put an arbitration clause in our standard terms for consumers?
- We have no registered trademark. Can we stop a competitor from using a similar name or logo?
- Do we have to arrange supervision by the designer during construction? And what about the architect’s author’s supervision?
- The architect has delivered a study that does not match our brief. Do we have to pay for it?
- Who is to arrange the surveying, the ground surveys and the network statements for the design: we, or the designer?
- Our designer is in delay with the documentation. Can we withdraw from the contract and have the design finished by someone else?
- We are selling one division of the company. When is this a sale of part of an enterprise and when merely a sale of assets?
- We are selling part of the company. Do the employees pass to the buyer automatically?
- We want to hive a division off into a new subsidiary s.r.o. Should we contribute it to the subsidiary or sell it to it?
- Can a Czech national or a non-EU foreign national be the head of our organisational unit in Slovakia?
- The managing director of our Czech parent company has changed. Must this also be registered for the Slovak organisational unit?
- How do we wind up a foreign company's organisational unit in Slovakia and remove it from the Commercial Register?
- We have a branch in another state. Can a customer sue us there, or only in the state where the company has its registered office?
- We are registering a branch in Czechia. From when may our Slovak company trade there under a trade licence?
- Must the manager of our Czech branch also be the responsible representative for the trade?
- We are moving the activity of an organisational unit into a new s.r.o. Do the employees pass automatically, and what must we comply with?
- We are forming a Slovak s.r.o. to take over our organisational unit. Should it buy the unit's enterprise or should the enterprise be contributed to it?
- Must the founding agreement of a joint-stock company now be drawn up by a notary?
- We are forming a joint-stock company. What belongs in the founders' agreement, what in the articles of association and what in the shareholders' agreement?
- What registered capital must a Czech joint-stock company have, and how much of it must be paid up before registration?
- What shares should a new Czech joint-stock company issue: registered or bearer, certificated or book-entry?
- Must a Czech joint-stock company have its own website, and what has to appear on it?
- We want to convert our s.r.o. into a joint-stock company, but one member disagrees. Can we do it without them?
- Our s.r.o. has registered capital of EUR 5,000. What do we do with it if we want to convert it into a joint-stock company?
- How are ownership interests turned into shares when an s.r.o. is converted into a joint-stock company?
- We are admitting a new member to our cooperative. Must this be entered in the Commercial Register?
- A member is leaving the cooperative. How much will the cooperative pay them, and when?
- Are the members of a cooperative liable for its debts?
- On what grounds may the authority refuse to register a civic association?
- Who may sign contracts and apply for grants on behalf of our new civic association?
- Can our company form a civic association or be a member of one?
- We are forming a j. s. a. after 17 August 2026. Must the founding agreement still be made before a notary, or is a lawyer enough?
- Three of us are forming an s. r. o. How do we set up vesting so that a co-founder who leaves after a few months does not walk away with a full interest?
- We are setting up a startup as an s.r.o. Is a memorandum of association enough, or do we also need a founders’ agreement?
- A co-founder programmed a prototype before the company was formed. Who owns the code and how do we get it into the company?
- My fellow member reserved the business name in their own name. May we register our s.r.o. under it?
- When should we reserve a business name so that 60 days are enough to form an s.r.o.?
Company formation in Czechia and Slovakia
- Forming an s.r.o. in Slovakia
- Forming an s.r.o. in Czechia
- Forming an a.s. in Czechia
- Forming an a.s. in Slovakia
- Forming a simple joint-stock company (j. s. a.)
- Business name reservation
- Bespoke memorandum and articles of association
- Organisational unit in Slovakia
- Registered branch in Czechia
- Legal package for startups
- Converting a branch into a company
- Choosing a business legal form
- Cooperative formation
- Limited partnership (k. s.) formation
- Civic association formation
- General partnership (v. o. s.) formation
- Converting an s.r.o. into an a.s.
Company & shareholders
- Corporate documents for an s.r.o. 24/7
- Shareholders' agreements
- Transfer of a business share
- General meetings and shareholder resolutions
- Managing director's service agreement
- Outsourced legal department
- Commercial Register changes
- Share capital changes
- Company dissolution and liquidation
- Granting procuration
- Corporate governance and company bodies
Securities & Shareholders
- Transfer of shares and securities
- Assessing a public offer of securities
- Investment structure review
- Pledges and security transfers of securities
- Incorrect entry in the securities register
- Representation before the central securities depository (CDCP)
- Shareholder lists for registered certificated shares
- Inheriting securities
- Registered rights in a j. s. a. — tag-along and drag-along
- Registering an issue of book-entry shares
Commercial Contracts
- Contract oversight
- Bespoke commercial agreement
- Bilingual agreements
- Contract review
- Agreement to enter into a future contract
- Preparing for the new Civil Code
- Sale agreement for movable assets
- Contract for work
- Mandate and brokerage agreement
- General terms and conditions
- Distribution and franchise agreement
- Franchise agreement and franchise system
- Non-disclosure agreement (NDA)
- Commercial agency agreement
- Research and development collaboration agreement
IT, Software & E-commerce
- Software and licence agreement
- IT projects and agile development
- Implementation agreement
- Support and maintenance agreement and SLA
- SaaS agreement and terms
- Legal services for online shops
- Online shop terms and conditions
- Influencer agreement
- Copyright and licensing
- Trademark protection
- Domains and domain disputes
- Terms and conditions review
- End-user licence terms (EULA)
- Complaints procedure
Employment Law & HR
- Employment contracts and employer documentation
- Employer's internal rules and policies
- Employment documentation 24/7
- Non-compete clause and trade secrets
- Working with self-employed people and contractors
- Termination of employment on notice
- Termination of employment
- Immediate termination of employment
- Invalid termination of employment
- Dealing with a difficult employee
- Employment disputes and out-of-court settlements
- Labour inspectorate inspection
- Employing foreign nationals and posting workers
- Legal services for employment agencies
- Executive employment contract
- Pay transparency
Compliance, Registers & Licences
- Lawyer authorisation of corporate documents
- RPVS registration and authorised person services
- Changing the RPVS authorised person and taking over administration
- GDPR and personal data protection
- The AI Act and deploying artificial intelligence
- Registration in the List of Economic Operators
- Whistleblowing and internal reporting systems
- Signature certification by a lawyer
- AML obligations for businesses
- Cookies and website legal compliance
- Road transport licence
- Private security licences for guarding and detective services
- MiCA authorisation for crypto-asset services (CASP)
- NIS2 and cybersecurity
- Outsourced data protection officer (DPO)
Property Transfer
- Estate agency documentation 24/7
- Comprehensive legal services for estate agencies
- Complete property transfer service
- Legal assistance with buying a property
- Preparing agreements and registration applications
- Property sale agreement review
- Property reservation agreement
- Lawyer's escrow of the purchase price
- Agent training and internal checklists
- Buying a property with a mortgage
- Retainer for estate agencies
- Property defects and withdrawal from the agreement
- Lawyer authorisation of a property transfer agreement
- Flat sale agreement
- Property legal due diligence
- House sale agreement
- Property gift agreement
- Property exchange agreement
- Transfer of a housing cooperative interest
- Land Register registration application
- Suspended Land Register proceedings and refused registration
Debt Recovery
- Debt recovery in Slovakia
- Debt recovery in the Czech Republic
- Debt recovery in Poland
- Cross-border debt recovery CZ ↔ SK
- Bulk debt recovery
- Debt recovery
- Debtor creditworthiness checks
- Letter before action demanding payment
- Out-of-court debt recovery
- Acknowledgement of debt and instalment plan
- Payment order and claim for payment (Slovakia)
- Payment order and claim for payment (Czechia)
- European order for payment
- Opposition to a payment order and defence of the defendant
- Debt recovery through enforcement
- Lodging a claim in bankruptcy in Slovakia
- Lodging a claim in insolvency proceedings in Czechia
- Recovery of bond claims
- European Account Preservation Order
- Recovery of freight charges
- Debt recovery audit and reminder system